Dear Friends,
Greetings from the desk of the Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research.
On Wednesday, 15 January, China and the United States agreed to suspend their full-scale trade war. From February 2018, the United States placed tariffs on Chinese goods that entered the U.S. market, and then China retaliated. This tit-for-tat game continued for almost two years, causing massive disruption in the global value chain. In October 2019, the International Monetary Fund’s G-20 Surveillance Note reported that the global GDP suffered by a 0.8% drop merely because of the tariffs on goods such as aluminium, steel, soybeans, and car parts between the United States and China. Western attacks on Chinese 5G technology—and on the tech firm Huawei—are part of the pressure on China to buckle before the U.S.-led order. But China did not bend. As a prelude to the ‘phase one’ deal, the United State Treasury Department stopped calling China a ‘currency manipulator’, a term that has haunted China’s for decades.
The suspension of the trade war comes with a ‘phase one’ deal whose text includes nine chapters on topics such as intellectual property rights to financial services. Most significantly, China has agreed to stop asking firms that invest in China to share their technology; this is a major departure for the Chinese model of development. The ‘phase one’ deal is merely the first stage in an ongoing process of negotiations and confrontations, which will be expected to continue for a long time yet. If ‘phase one’ goes well, and if the implementation and dialogue mechanisms work, then the two countries will move to ‘phase two’. Chinese diplomats say that they do not anticipate an immediate return to the pre-confrontation period, namely before the trade war began in February 2018.
Shi Guorui, The Yangtze River, 2013.
News of a potential trade deal immediately moved the International Monetary Fund to revise its 2020 growth forecast for China from 5.8% to 6%. U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said that the GDP numbers for the United States would be boosted to 2.5% for 2020 (though the IMF continues to predict a 1.9% GDP for the United States). It is likely that the low expectations for the global economy (at 2.5% GDP growth for 2020) might also be revised upwards for the year, although predictions for a severe global contraction remain intact; Deloitte’s CFO Signals for the fourth quarter of 2019 suggests that U.S. companies have begun to further constrain investment in anticipation of a serious downturn—but not a recession—of the economy. U.S. firms lost at least $46 billion as a consequence of the trade war started by U.S. President Donald Trump in February 2018. Pressure from U.S. firms on the White House and Trump’s need to make his ‘victory’ in the trade war an election issue drove the U.S. to the table. By the fourth quarter of 2018, China’s economic growth rate was the slowest it has been since 1990, which is why China had been willing to discuss outstanding issues since February 2018.
In the Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research Dossier no. 24—The World Oscillates Between Crises and Protests—there is an important section on the new ‘bipolar world’. It is widely recognised that U.S. power has dwindled since the illegal attack on Iraq in 2003 and since the world financial crisis of 2007-08; at the same time, it is hard to deny the rapid growth of China’s economy and of China’s growing importance on the world stage. A decade ago, when China and Russia joined Brazil, India, and South Africa to form the BRICS, it appeared as if the global architecture was shifting from U.S. unipolarity (with its allies as the spokes around the U.S. hub) to multipolarity; but, with the deepening crisis in countries like Brazil and India, the new global architecture—according to Tsinghua University’s Institute for International Relations—will be one of bipolarity, with the U.S. and China as the two poles of the global order.
Zhang Xiaogang, Bloodline—Big Family no. 4, 1995.
China’s growth rates since the reform era began in 1978 remain perplexing. The attempt to explain this has spawned an enormous literature, some of it only partially explanatory but most of it petrified in clichés. Professor Wang Hui of Tsinghua University suggests that China’s policy framework is not along orthodox neoliberal lines, but that it has emerged out of the Chinese Communist Party’s commitment to sovereignty, out of the immense advances in health and education in the first decades of the revolutionary period, out of the enhancement of China’s economy by the socialist commodity economy of that period, out of the sustained struggles in the countryside to transform land relations, and out of the deep pragmatism of the Communists (‘cross the river by feeling for the stones’). Professor Hui warns that the stresses of market society have begun to engender new—and dangerous—contradictions for China. One of the overwhelming contradictions is the threats from the United States.
The United States—which has the habit of dominance—tried its best to both manage and to prevent the growing global role of China. To manage China means to intimidate it to remain subordinate to U.S. economic interests: Washington accused Beijing of currency manipulation and tried to get China to revise its currency to the benefit of the United States; this did not happen, and its failure to happen is a sign that China will not bow to U.S. authority. Accusations about the currency were quickly followed by claims that China had forced technology transfers or had stolen intellectual property, that China prevented access to financial services, and that it would not cut its industrial subsidies. Each U.S. President over the course of the past decade—George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump—has accelerated the accusations against China and portrayed China as having advanced entirely by deceit.
When China refused to accept the US’ demands, and when it continued to develop its economic project—the Belt and Road Initiative—the United States moved to politically and militarily threaten China along several axes, some of these developed by Wu Xinbo, Dean of the Institute of International Studies at Fudan University.
- Indo-Pacific Strategy. In 2017, the United States and India began to develop an ‘Indo-Pacific’ strategy that would bring these two countries together against China’s Belt and Road Initiative (along the land of Eurasia) and its String of Pearls Initiative (in the Indian Ocean). The first Indo-Pacific Strategy document, produced by the U.S. Department of Defence in June 2019, points its finger at China, which it says ‘seeks to reorder the region to its advantage by leveraging military modernisation, influence operations, and predatory economics to coerce other nations’. The United States and India—alongside Japan and other smaller states—are to create a bloc to prevent the emergence of China as a continental and global power. It is with no irony that the U.S. defence department complains about ‘influence operations’ and ‘predatory economics’, both of which are closely understood to be U.S. policies (including the Indo-Pacific Strategy itself).
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Liu Bolin, Hiding in New York No. 9—Gun Rack, 2013.
The Use of Taiwan. The Indo-Pacific document promotes the defence of Taiwan as an essential pillar in U.S. strategy. China has long insisted on pushing for the diplomatic isolation of Taiwan and for its eventual incorporation into China. Since it does not have an embassy in Washington, Taiwan has had—since 1971—a Coordination Council for North American Affairs and then the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office; Trump changed it to the Taiwan Council for U.S. Affairs, a name that has incensed Beijing. Not only have Trump and his officials said that they would like to increase US-Taiwan relations; the U.S. has sold Taiwan F-16 fighters and fully backed the re-election of Tsai Ing-wen of the Democratic Progressive Party—which asserts Taiwan’s independence from China—in the January 2020 presidential elections.
- Hong Kong and Xinjiang. The Indo-Pacific document of the U.S. Defence Department says that the U.S.—and India—express ‘deep concern’ about the fate of the Muslim population in China; at the same time, the U.S. has said that it stands with the protest movement in Hong Kong. The concern about Chinese Muslims is not credible coming from the US, where Trump’s Muslim Ban defines his own attitude, and from India, where Prime Minister Narendra Modi has driven a citizenship and refugee policy that is clearly anti-Muslim. The United States and its allies use the Hong Kong and Xinjiang cases to put pressure on China; people in Hong Kong and Xinjiang would be delusional if they believe that the U.S. actually cares about democracy and Muslims.
Tanzam Railway. Tanzam Railway. In 1965, at the urging of several national liberation movements and governments in eastern Africa, the People’s Republic of China began to work with them to build the Tanzam Railway or the Great Uhuru Railway. This railway cut through old colonial boundaries that isolated Zambia and kept Tanzania from the interior of the continent. Mao told Tanzania’s Julius Nyerere that—despite China’s own poverty—as a national liberation project, the Chinese Revolution was ‘duty bound’ to assist their comrades in Africa to build the longest railroad on the continent. This is what they did.
- China in Africa. For the past decade, the U.S. and the Europeans have complained that China is the new colonial power in Africa. It is true that Chinese investment into Africa has increased astronomically, but in many countries the main economic partner remains the old colonial adversary. Nonetheless, this narrative of China as a colonial power is not about facts, but it is to serve a purpose—to disparage China’s commercial strategy in the Global South and the challenge that it poses to the hegemony of the U.S. and its allies. The actual procedure from China is well-described in the 2013 Human Development Report: ‘China is providing preferential loans and setting up training programmes to modernize the garment and textile sectors in African countries. China has encouraged its mature industries such as leather to move closer to the supply chain in Africa and its modern firms in telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, electronics and construction to enter joint ventures with African businesses’. A few years ago, I asked Tanzania’s former Foreign Minister Ibrahim Kaduma what he thought of Chinese commercial interests in Africa. ‘African states need to come up with their own assessment of their path forward’, he said; they should not be guided by Western fearmongering.
Ta Men, Snow, 2016
From February 2018, various dispute settlement mechanisms—including the Strategic Economic Dialogue—set up by the U.S. and China have failed to operate. The most recent ‘phase one’ deal creates new platforms for discussion and debate and provides a roadmap to settle the chaos unleashed by this trade war. But this agreement is a ceasefire—not a peace treaty. The contests will continue; instability will remain. ‘Chaos and disorder’, as the Tsinghua University scholars write, will be the way ahead.